Rose, Rodney and Camille M. Kirk. "Viewpoint: The Strategy of Planning," Planning for Higher Education Vol. 29, no. 4 (Summer 2001): 50-55.

Abstract:
Planning is often practiced as a tactical tool to accomplish a set of specific tasks. However, planning can also be a powerful strategic tool that guides decision making. Planning as a strategy involves defining expected outcomes and structuring the means to achieve those outcomes. The three factors essential and hierarchical to strategic planning are clear expectations, clear actions to achieve the expectations, and integrated resources to support those actions. Planning as a strategy also requires considering how the effects of any given decision are connected to other relevant actions or decisions. Through these means, owners can better understand inherent risks and achieve their desired vision.

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